Linux SHELL Guide

Shows all hidden files and folders along with normal ones.

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ls -a

list lot of information about non-hidden files and directories

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la -l

list above info for hidden files and directories too

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ls -la OR ls -l -a

to switch to a dir same as cd but it just saves the path from which you came

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pushd <path>

to switch back to dir from which you came with pushd.

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popd

tells details of file

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file <name of file>

search a directory or a file in data base

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locate <name of file or directory>

or

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mlocate <name of file or directory>

NOTE: run before locate/mlocate to update database

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sudo updatedb

see calander

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cal

see if command is installed or not, returns path of the command

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which <command>

brief one-line discription of what a command can do

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whatis <command>

shows the commands related to or contain given keyword

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apropos <keyword>

equivalent to apropos but show information in readable format

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man <keyword>

copy a files and directories

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cp -r<path of the file to be copied> <name of the copied file>

move files and directories

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mv <path of file> <path to be moved>

delete/remove files

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rm <file>

delete/remove directories

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rm -r <directorie>

create a text file.

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touch <file_name>
echo 'write text here' > textfile.txt
printf 'write \\ntext \\nhere' > textfile.txt

NOTE: use printf for format the text

show the content of a text file on terminal

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cat <file>

write into the text file

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cat >> <file_name>

copy file1 to file2

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cat <file1> >> <file2>

• “>” operator will overwrite the existing data
• “»” operator will append data

bash text editor for editing files in CLI format. there are others too

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nano <file1>
ls -la ~ >> textfile.txt

switch to root user or root account, to exit type exit

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sudo -s

switch to another user account, to exit type exit

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su - <username>

move to root user account

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su
su -

see how many accounts are logged in

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users

executable permission to file for everyone

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chmod +x <file_name>

get the PID of programme and all its instances

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pidof brave

see the running process

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top

kill process by their name

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pkill brave
killall brave

kill process by their PID

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kill <PID of the process>

get the snapshot of top (Best)

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ps aux | grep <name of programme or running file or path or aything relatable to it>

find the exact package

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apt search --names--only ___

Install .deb files

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sudo dpkg -i /path/to/.deb/file

sudo apt-get install -f

apt-cache showpkg/show package-name

apt-cache depends package-name

see package info

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dpkg-deb -I package.deb

create and edit cronjobs (scheduled server tasks)

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crontab -e

see cronjobs on terminal

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crontab -l

create a SCREEN session with name

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screen -S <name_of_session>

see detached and running screen session

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screen -ls

reattach to detached screen session

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screen -r <pid_of_screen_session>

see cronjobs-logs with

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journalctl -t CROND

install/extract tar files

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tar xvf <file_name>

Find Public IPv4 address

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dig -4 TXT +short o-o.myaddr.l.google.com @ns1.google.com

Fix bluetooth in ubuntu>18.04

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sudo modprobe -r btusb && sudo modprobe btusb

Instll/Add PPA repository

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:dr-akulavich/lighttable // adds repository link to /etc/apt/source.list

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sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install lighttable-installer // installing the software

Remove PPA repository and link

listppa.sh

Use the above script to see the list of installed PPAs

now remove the ppa

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sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:bluetooth/bluez

Check mounted/connected disks to the system

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lsblk

Command for burning USB {notice the of and if carefully}

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sudo dd bs=4M if=Downloads/endeavouros-2021.08.27-x86_64.iso of=/dev/sdb conv=fdatasync status=progress

Set-up ssh key for connecting to git

eval ssh-agent``

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chmod 400 <private_key_file>
ssh-add ~/.ssh/<private_key_file>**>> /dev/null 2>&1**

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10508843/what-is-dev-null-21

Pacman, AUR

List dependency of a package

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pacman -Si
or
pacman -Si package_name | grep 'Depends On'
or
pactree -s package_name
or
pactree -sr package_name #see reverse dependency
or
pactree package_name -lu #in format for reinstalling dependency

See locally installed packages~ AUR(s) or installed with AUR helpers.

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pacman -Qm or pacman -Qmq

To list all the Fonts installed in your system

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fc-list

How to add users in arch Linux

1. do adduser NAME or useradd NAME whichever is present in your system.
2. then set password for NAME with passwd NAME

• Give sudo privileges to NAME

  To give sudo rights to a user you can add him to group wheel . Wheel is group for users who want every system administrator privileges. you can add a user to group wheel with gpasswd -a NAME wheel , notice to give users of wheel group root privileges in /etc/sudoers (always edit /etc/sudoers with sudo visudo to avoid Error(s) ) file otherwise even if you add users to wheel group they will not be able to use sudo. add this line %wheel ALL=(ALL) ALL for wheel group users in /etc/sudoers.

  Or you can custom give a user root privilages like by adding this line

  USER_NAME ALL=(ALL) ALL to /etc/sudoers if you choose to do this then you don’t need to add NAME to wheel group.

  but the first approach is recommended.